The religion of Islam advocates and commands that one fulfil the obligations he owes to Allah Ta’ala and the obligations he owes to the servants of Allah Ta’ala. Regarding the obligations and rights one owes the servants of Allah Ta’ala, these can be divided into two types of rights. The first type are those rights which are specific to each person individually e.g. the rights one owes towards his parents, kith and kin, neighbours, etc. The second type are those rights which relate to all Muslims in general. In regard to this type, Rasulullah (sallallahu alaihi wasallam) has explained in his Mubaarak Hadith that each Muslim has certain rights over his fellow Muslims. Among the rights that he has over his fellow Muslim brothers is that they take part in his Janaazah salaah.<\/p>\n
The Janaazah Salaah is Among the Rights of a Muslim<\/strong><\/p>\n \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0631\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0633\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0628\u0647 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0637\u0633 \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u062c\u0646\u0627\u0632\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0628 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0628 \u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 (\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u0630\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0645 2736)<\/p>\n Hazrat Ali (radhiyallahu anhu) reports that Rasulullah (sallallahu alaihi wasallam) said, \u201cA Muslim has six rights over his Muslim brother. When he meets him, he should greet him (with salaam); if he invites him, he should accept his invitation; when he sneezes (and says Alhamdulillah), he should reply to his sneeze by saying \u2018Yarhamukallah\u2019; when he falls ill, he should visit him; when he passes away, he should attend his janaazah; and he should love for him what he loves for himself.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n From this Hadith, we understand that among the rights which one owes to his fellow Muslim brother is that he attend his Janaazah Salaah. Attending the Janaazah Salaah is fardh-e-kifaayah upon all those believers who have knowledge of the death of the deceased. If a group of believers perform the Janaazah Salaah, then all will be absolved of the obligation. If no one performs the Janaazah Salaah, then all will be sinful in the sight of Allah Ta’ala.[1]\n The Method of Performing the Janaazah Salaah<\/strong><\/p>\n The sunnah method of performing the Janaazah Salaah is as follows:<\/p>\n 1. The deceased should be placed in front of the imaam with his head on the right side of the imaam. The body of the deceased should be placed in the manner that his right side will face towards the qiblah.[2]<\/sup><\/p>\n 2. The imaam will stand directly in line with the chest of the deceased.[3]<\/sup><\/p>\n 3. The intention for Janaazah Salaah will be made. One will make the intention that he is offering the Janaazah Salaah for the pleasure of Allah Ta’ala and as a dua for the deceased.[4]<\/sup><\/p>\n 4. The hands will then be raised up to the ears after which the takbeer will be recited.[5]<\/sup><\/p>\n 5. The hands will thereafter be tied below the navel as done in normal salaah.[6]<\/sup><\/p>\n 6. The thanaa will then be recited.[7]<\/sup><\/p>\n 7. The takbeer will be said for the second time without raising the hands.<\/p>\n 8. The Durood will then be recited. It is preferable to recite the same Durood that is recited in salaah, i.e. Durood-e-Ebrahim.[8]<\/sup><\/p>\n 9. The takbeer will be said for the third time without raising the hands.<\/p>\n 10. Thereafter, the dua for the deceased will be recited. If the deceased is an adult, the following dua will be recited:<\/p>\n \u0623\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0670\u0647\u064f\u0645\u0651\u064e \u0627\u063a\u0652\u0641\u0650\u0631\u0652 \u0644\u0650\u062d\u064e\u064a\u0650\u0651\u0646\u064e\u0627 \u0648\u064e\u0645\u064e\u064a\u0650\u0651\u062a\u0650\u0646\u064e\u0627 \u0648\u064e\u0634\u064e\u0627\u0647\u0650\u062f\u0650\u0646\u064e\u0627 \u0648\u064e\u063a\u064e\u0627\u0626\u0650\u0628\u0650\u0646\u064e\u0627 \u0648\u064e\u0635\u064e\u063a\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0631\u0650\u0646\u064e\u0627 \u0648\u064e\u0643\u064e\u0628\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0631\u0650\u0646\u064e\u0627 \u0648\u064e\u0630\u064e\u0643\u064e\u0631\u0650\u0646\u064e\u0627 \u0648\u064e\u0627\u064f\u0646\u0652\u062b\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064e\u0627 \u0627\u064e\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0670\u0647\u064f\u0645\u0651\u064e \u0645\u064e\u0646\u0652 \u0627\u064e\u062d\u0652\u064a\u064e\u064a\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0647\u064f \u0645\u0650\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0627 \u0641\u064e\u0627\u064e\u062d\u0652\u064a\u0650\u0647\u0650 \u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0627\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0644\u0627\u064e\u0645\u0650 \u0648\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0646\u0652 \u062a\u064e\u0648\u064e\u0641\u0651\u064e\u064a\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0647\u064f \u0645\u0650\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0627 \u0641\u064e\u062a\u064e\u0648\u064e\u0641\u0651\u064e\u0647\u064f \u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0627\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0627\u0646\u0650 (\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u0630\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0645 1024)<\/p>\n O Allah! Forgive our living and dead, present and absent, young and old, men and women. O Allah! Whoever amongst us is kept alive by You, keep him alive on Islam and whoever You give death, grant him death on Imaan.<\/em><\/p>\n In some Ahaadith, the following dua has been recorded:<\/p>\n \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0647\u064f\u0645\u0651\u064e \u0627\u063a\u0652\u0641\u0650\u0631\u0652 \u0644\u064e\u0647\u064f \u0648\u064e\u0627\u0631\u0652\u062d\u064e\u0645\u0652\u0647\u064f \u0648\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0627\u0641\u0650\u0647\u0650 \u0648\u064e\u0627\u0639\u0652\u0641\u064f \u0639\u064e\u0646\u0652\u0647\u064f \u0648\u064e\u0623\u064e\u0643\u0652\u0631\u0650\u0645\u0652 \u0646\u064f\u0632\u064f\u0644\u064e\u0647\u064f \u0648\u064e\u0648\u064e\u0633\u0651\u0650\u0639\u0652 \u0645\u064e\u062f\u0652\u062e\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0647\u064f \u0648\u064e\u0627\u063a\u0652\u0633\u0650\u0644\u0652\u0647\u064f \u0628\u0650\u0627\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0627\u0621\u0650 \u0648\u064e\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u064e\u0644\u0652\u062c\u0650 \u0648\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0652\u0628\u064e\u0631\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0648\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0642\u0651\u0650\u0647\u0650 \u0645\u0650\u0646\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0652\u062e\u064e\u0637\u064e\u0627\u064a\u064e\u0627 \u0643\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u064e\u0642\u0651\u064e\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0628\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0623\u064e\u0628\u0652\u064a\u064e\u0636\u064f \u0645\u0650\u0646\u064e \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0633\u0650 \u0648\u064e\u0623\u064e\u0628\u0652\u062f\u0650\u0644\u0652\u0647\u064f \u062f\u064e\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0650\u0646\u0652 \u062f\u064e\u0627\u0631\u0650\u0647\u0650 \u0648\u064e\u0623\u064e\u0647\u0652\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0650\u0646\u0652 \u0623\u064e\u0647\u0652\u0644\u0650\u0647\u0650 \u0648\u064e\u0632\u064e\u0648\u0652\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0650\u0646\u0652 \u0632\u064e\u0648\u0652\u062c\u0650\u0647\u0650 \u0648\u064e\u0623\u064e\u062f\u0652\u062e\u0650\u0644\u0652\u0647\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0652\u062c\u064e\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0629\u064e \u0648\u064e\u0623\u064e\u0639\u0650\u0630\u0652\u0647\u064f \u0645\u0650\u0646\u0652 \u0639\u064e\u0630\u064e\u0627\u0628\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0642\u064e\u0628\u0652\u0631\u0650 \u0648\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0630\u064e\u0627\u0628\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0631\u0650 (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0635183)<\/a><\/p>\n O Allah, forgive him, have mercy on him, give him peace and pardon him. Receive him honourably and make his grave spacious. Wash him with water, snow and hail. Cleanse him from his sins as a white garment is cleansed from dirt. Grant him an abode better than his (earthly abode), with a household better than his household and a wife better than his wife. Admit him into Paradise and protect him from the torment of the grave and the punishment of Jahannum.<\/em><\/p>\n Apart from these two duas, there are other duas which have also been reported in the Mubaarak Ahaadith. The Fuqahaa have also recorded these duas in the books of Fiqh. One could therefore recite whichever dua one wishes.[9]<\/sup> <\/a><\/p>\n 11. If the deceased is an immature boy, the following dua should be recited:<\/p>\n \u0627\u064e\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0670\u0647\u064f\u0645\u0651\u064e \u0627\u062c\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0647\u064f \u0644\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0627 \u0641\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0651\u064e\u0627\u062c\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0647\u064f \u0644\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0627 \u0627\u064e\u062c\u0652\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0651\u064e\u0630\u064f\u062e\u0652\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0651\u064e\u0627\u062c\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0647\u064f \u0644\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0627 \u0634\u064e\u0627\u0641\u0650\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0651\u064e\u0645\u064f\u0634\u064e\u0641\u0651\u064e\u0639\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n O Allah! Make him a means of preparing our Aakhirah (make him a means of us receiving benefit in the Hereafter through interceding for us), and make him a means of reward and a treasure for us, and make him an intercessor for us and accept his intercession.<\/em><\/p>\n 12. If the deceased is an immature girl, the same dua should be recited with the following changes:[10]<\/sup><\/p>\n \u0627\u064e\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0670\u0647\u064f\u0645\u0651\u064e \u0627\u062c\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0647\u064e\u0627 \u0644\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0627 \u0641\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0651\u064e\u0627\u062c\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0647\u064e\u0627 \u0644\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0627 \u0627\u064e\u062c\u0652\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0651\u064e\u0630\u064f\u062e\u0652\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0651\u064e\u0627\u062c\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0647\u064e\u0627 \u0644\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0627 \u0634\u064e\u0627\u0641\u0650\u0639\u064e\u0629\u064b \u0648\u0651\u064e\u0645\u064f\u0634\u064e\u0641\u0651\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0629\u064b<\/p>\n O Allah! Make her a means of preparing our Aakhirah (make her a means of us receiving benefit in the Hereafter through interceding for us), and make her a means of reward and a treasure for us, and make her an intercessor for us and accept her intercession.<\/em><\/p>\n 13. Once this dua has been recited, the takbeer will be said for the fourth time without raising the hands. After this takbeer, the salaam should be made to the right and then to the left, just as it is made for any other salaah.[11]<\/sup><\/p>\n 14. There is neither at-tahiyyaat nor recitation of the Quraan Majeed in this salaah.[12]<\/sup><\/p>\n 15. If a person does not know the sunnah dua that is recited in the Janaazah Salaah, it is sufficient for him to recite the following dua:[13]<\/sup><\/p>\n \u0627\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0644\u0647\u064f\u0645\u0651\u064e \u0627\u063a\u0652\u0641\u0650\u0631 \u0644\u0650\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0624\u0652\u0645\u0650\u0646\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e \u0648\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0645\u0650\u0646\u064e\u0627\u062a<\/p>\n O Allah! Forgive the believing men and believing women.<\/em><\/p>\n 16. If one is a new Muslim and does not know any dua and only suffices on the four takbeers, his salaah will be valid. The reason is that the thanaa, Durood and dua in Janaazah Salaah is not fardh but is rather sunnah. However, one should make an effort to learn the relevant sunnah duas so that the Janaazah Salaah can be performed according to the sunnah.[14]<\/sup><\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n [1]<\/a> ( \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 ) \u0635\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 ( \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 ) \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0643\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0643\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 ( \u0643\u062f\u0641\u0646\u0647 ) \u0648\u063a\u0633\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0647 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 2\/207).<\/p>\n [2]<\/a> ( \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647 ) \u0648\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u0647 ( \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u064a ) \u0648\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0629 … \u0648\u0635\u062d\u062a \u0644\u0648 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u064a : (\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0635\u062d\u062a \u0644\u0648 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u062e) \u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0631\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0647\u0640 \u0641\u0623\u0641\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633\u064a: \u064a\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0647 (\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0627\u0631 2\/208)<\/p>\n [3]<\/a> ( \u0648\u0633\u0646\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 ) \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 ( \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062d\u0630\u0627\u0621 ) \u0635\u062f\u0631 ( \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062a \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 ) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062a ( \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u062b\u0649 ) \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 (\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0635583)<\/p>\n [4]<\/a> \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u064a\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062a (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 1\/66)<\/p>\n [5]<\/a> (\u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u062a\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a ) \u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0643\u0639\u0629 ( \u064a\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u064a\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0642\u0637 ) (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 2\/212)<\/p>\n [6]<\/a> ( \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639 ) \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 ( \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0633\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0622\u062e\u0630\u0627 \u0631\u0633\u063a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062e\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0625\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0647 ) \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 1\/486) \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u064a : ( \u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u062e\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0625\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0647 ) \u0623\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u063a \u0648\u064a\u0628\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0644\u0642 \u0625\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u062e\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0635\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0628\u0649 (\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0627\u0631 1\/487)<\/p>\n [7]<\/a> (\u0648 \u064a\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627) \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0633\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0648 \u0628\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0643 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u064a : \u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647 ( \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0633\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0643 ) \u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u062d \u062f\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0633\u0648\u0637 \u0639\u0646 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0647\u0640 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0636\u0649 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u064a \u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u064a\u063a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u062f (\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0627\u0631 2\/212)<\/p>\n [8]<\/a> (\u0648 \u064a\u0635\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645) \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f (\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629) \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u064a : \u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647 ( \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f ) \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647 ( \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 ) \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 (\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0627\u0631 2\/212)<\/p>\n [9]<\/a> (\u0648\u064a\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629) \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u064a : \u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647 ( \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 ) \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u063a\u0641\u0631 \u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u063a\u0641\u0631 \u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u0631\u0645 \u0646\u0632\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u063a\u0633\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0644\u0627 \u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0627 \u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0630\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0630\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u0630\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062d \u0648\u062b\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0627\u0631 2\/212)<\/p>\n [10]<\/a> ( \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0641\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0635\u0628\u064a ) \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u0627 \u0630\u0646\u0628 \u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 ( \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 ) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 ( \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0637\u0627 ) \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0637 \u0628\u0641\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u062f\u0647 \u0623\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627 ( \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0627 ) \u0623\u064a \u062b\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0627 ( \u0648\u0630\u062e\u0631\u0627 ) \u0628\u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 ( \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0641\u0639\u0627 ) \u0628\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0629 (\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0635587)<\/p>\n [11]<\/a> ( \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0644\u0645 ) \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 ( \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 ) \u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0644\u0639\u064a \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u064a\u062c\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u064a : \u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647 ( \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e ) \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0644\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0631\u062f \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0647\u0640 (\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0627\u06312\/213)<\/p>\n [12]<\/a> ( \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 ) \u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062b\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u064a : \u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647 ( \u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0629 ) \u0648\u0628\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0641\u062c\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u062f\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0644\u064a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0628\u064a \u0647\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0627\u0631 2\/213)<\/p>\n
\n